The Fuller's Field By Arthur Chrysler
Qumran (1970-71). Fr. Roland de Vaux demonstrating how clothing was laundered at Qumran, where items were washed and patted dry on flat stone, as it was done in rural France during his childhood. He is kneeling in Locus 52. (Identifier: Davies_Slide_16; © Philip R. Davies estate, re-use permitted with citation: ‘From the collection of Professor Philip Davies, Emeritus Professor at the University of Sheffield’)
Whether it be Qumran in the first century, or the City of David in the Iron Age, an area of smooth limestone was utilized for the "fulling," or whitening of clothes.
Whether it be Qumran in the first century, or the City of David in the Iron Age, an area of smooth limestone was utilized for the "fulling," or whitening of clothes.
Isaiah 7:3 - Then said the Lord unto Isaiah, Go forth now to meet Ahaz, thou, and Shearjashub thy son, at the end of the conduit of the upper pool in the highway of the fuller's field;
Strong's Concordance - Fuller's #3526 - kabac - to trample; hence to wash (by stamping with feet).
Field of the Fullers in the City of David
"Three Vs were uncovered in a complex of rooms carved into the bedrock near the Gihon Spring, the oldest section of the city whose founding dates back to the fourth millennium BCE. They were carved to a depth of some five centimeters, with each arm of the Vs extending about 30 centimeters.
'They are strange. I'd never seen such a thing in my life,' Ronny Reich, a University of Haifa archaeologist who has excavated in Jerusalem for more than 40 years, told The Media Line, recalling the day he found them.
They were outside Jerusalem's walls in the remains of a house occupied about 2,800 years ago. That was when Jerusalem was ruled by the kings of Judea and was mostly located in the area just south of the present-day Old City.
In fact, the Vs may not be such a rarity, as Reich realized as he was studying archaeological reports several weeks after the discovery. Capt. Montague Parker, a British adventurer and proto-archaeologist, reported finding similar carvings a century ago in another house nearby and published them. 'So, now I have two locations with enigmatic carvings, so it must be a more widespread phenomenon, not something unique,' Reich said. But Parker's dig has since been covered over and his discovery will probably never be confirmed.
Although Reich has been an archaeologist for more than four decades and spent 15 years excavating in the City of David, the Iron Age era that the house dates from is not his specialty. ' I'm a classical archaeologist, dealing mainly with the Second Temple period, not the Iron Age. Yet I am digging there so I have to deal with strata that are less my expertise, so some of my findings I delegate to others,' he explained.
What archaeologists can say with certainty is that potsherds found nearby indicate that the rooms with the Vs were last used around 800 BCE, at which point they were filled with rubble to support the construction of a defensive wall. The straight lines of the house's walls and level floors suggest that special effort was put into building the complex, and its location just above the Gihon Spring point to their having an important purpose. But the findings also suggest that the rooms were an ordinary place where the daily life of a Biblical city went on... There is a pointer to what the writing on the floor is all about in the form of a dozen or so weights used to hold down threads from a loom, which were discovered in an adjacent room. "It's possible that these Vs were used to hold upright vertical looms," Reich said, admitting that that would be a disappointingly prosaic solution to the mystery. 'You always have to look for the simple explanation and not rush into something dramatic." (By David Rossenberg/The Media Line, 08/12/2011, The Jerusalem Post).
The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that the simple explanation for the Vs in the otherwise smooth limestone floor, as unromantic as it sounds, is related to the weaving and whitening of clothing.
'They are strange. I'd never seen such a thing in my life,' Ronny Reich, a University of Haifa archaeologist who has excavated in Jerusalem for more than 40 years, told The Media Line, recalling the day he found them.
They were outside Jerusalem's walls in the remains of a house occupied about 2,800 years ago. That was when Jerusalem was ruled by the kings of Judea and was mostly located in the area just south of the present-day Old City.
In fact, the Vs may not be such a rarity, as Reich realized as he was studying archaeological reports several weeks after the discovery. Capt. Montague Parker, a British adventurer and proto-archaeologist, reported finding similar carvings a century ago in another house nearby and published them. 'So, now I have two locations with enigmatic carvings, so it must be a more widespread phenomenon, not something unique,' Reich said. But Parker's dig has since been covered over and his discovery will probably never be confirmed.
Although Reich has been an archaeologist for more than four decades and spent 15 years excavating in the City of David, the Iron Age era that the house dates from is not his specialty. ' I'm a classical archaeologist, dealing mainly with the Second Temple period, not the Iron Age. Yet I am digging there so I have to deal with strata that are less my expertise, so some of my findings I delegate to others,' he explained.
What archaeologists can say with certainty is that potsherds found nearby indicate that the rooms with the Vs were last used around 800 BCE, at which point they were filled with rubble to support the construction of a defensive wall. The straight lines of the house's walls and level floors suggest that special effort was put into building the complex, and its location just above the Gihon Spring point to their having an important purpose. But the findings also suggest that the rooms were an ordinary place where the daily life of a Biblical city went on... There is a pointer to what the writing on the floor is all about in the form of a dozen or so weights used to hold down threads from a loom, which were discovered in an adjacent room. "It's possible that these Vs were used to hold upright vertical looms," Reich said, admitting that that would be a disappointingly prosaic solution to the mystery. 'You always have to look for the simple explanation and not rush into something dramatic." (By David Rossenberg/The Media Line, 08/12/2011, The Jerusalem Post).
The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that the simple explanation for the Vs in the otherwise smooth limestone floor, as unromantic as it sounds, is related to the weaving and whitening of clothing.
According to II Kings 18:17-19, Rab-shakeh stood 'by the conduit of the upper pool, which is in the highway (viaduct, a staircase: terrace) of the fuller's field,' and 'called to the king.' Eliakim, which was over the household, Shebna, and Joah came out to them. This would indicate that this meeting was near the palace, and according to II Kings 18:26-28, there was a wall nearby with men sitting on it. We now have clear evidence of the presence of the fullers on both the western (see the end of this article) and eastern sides of the palace around the 9th century B.C.
The Fullers
The patriarch of the Jewish nation, Abraham, was presumably nurtured in Akkadia, the most advanced civilization of its time. It is written that Abraham and his entourage emigrated from Akkadia (Biblical Shinar) to establish himself and his posterity in Canaan.
Mesopotamian statues and iconography, dating from earlier than 3000 B.C. into the Akkadian period, depict woolen textiles of diverse weaves, some richly patterned and others with looped fringes. The cleansing and coloring of these textiles was a sophisticated and secret art. The Jews became privy to those secrets, and that knowledge was one of the mainstays of the textile industry as it was practiced by the Jews in the Diaspora into the modern era.
Malachi 3:2 - But who may abide the day of his coming? and who shall stand when he appeareth? for he is like a refiner's fire, and like fullers' soap:
Before the dyeing of wool can take place, the oils have to be removed, a process called "fulling." A number of bleaching and detergent substances ("soaps") were used in ancient Akkadia. The bleacher or "fuller" took his Akkadian name from the azalog (soapwort plant). He also obtained the necessary caustic alkalis from wood ashes (potash) or plant ashes (soda). (Hebrew History Federation - Dye-Making A Judaic Traditional Art - Fact Paper 21 - Samuel Kurinsky - http://www.hebrewhistory.info/factpapers/fp021_dyemaking.htm)
Mesopotamian statues and iconography, dating from earlier than 3000 B.C. into the Akkadian period, depict woolen textiles of diverse weaves, some richly patterned and others with looped fringes. The cleansing and coloring of these textiles was a sophisticated and secret art. The Jews became privy to those secrets, and that knowledge was one of the mainstays of the textile industry as it was practiced by the Jews in the Diaspora into the modern era.
Malachi 3:2 - But who may abide the day of his coming? and who shall stand when he appeareth? for he is like a refiner's fire, and like fullers' soap:
Before the dyeing of wool can take place, the oils have to be removed, a process called "fulling." A number of bleaching and detergent substances ("soaps") were used in ancient Akkadia. The bleacher or "fuller" took his Akkadian name from the azalog (soapwort plant). He also obtained the necessary caustic alkalis from wood ashes (potash) or plant ashes (soda). (Hebrew History Federation - Dye-Making A Judaic Traditional Art - Fact Paper 21 - Samuel Kurinsky - http://www.hebrewhistory.info/factpapers/fp021_dyemaking.htm)
"The limited number of whorls and loomweights found in the City of David provides evidence for domestic weaving activity rather than industrial production. It is probable that the textiles produced at the City of David were of wool, and not linen, which was manufactured in the Beth She'an Valley. A large quantity of sheep bones was found in the City of David. The limited weaving and spinning activity in the City of David thus probably utilized wool." (Orit Shamir, Excavations at the City of David IV, Qedem 35, pp. 152, 153)
The complex of rooms is located underground, just behind the building at the center of this photograph. The Gihon Spring is at bottom-left while the Stepped-Stone Structure can be seen at upper right (photo by A. Chrysler).
The complex of rooms found near the Gihon Spring by Ronny Reich and Eli Shukron may have been used by the fullers in king Hezekiah's day. It has been noted that the top of Warren's Shaft was cut through in the time of Hezekiah. This complex of rooms is adjacent to the top of Warren's Shaft and it would have been possible for the fullers to draw water from there.
"The Siloam channel was the initial means of conveying the waters of the Gihon to reservoirs to the south; at the same time, it also enabled utilization of the waters for irrigation in the Kedron Valley. The major disadvantage of this early system was that , as noted, all its components - spring, channel, and pool - were situated outside the walls of the city. Hezekiah's Tunnel provided a sophisticated remedy: not only was the entire conduit concealed beneath the rock surface but also the area of the reservoirs was not brought into the fortified area of the city, the walls having been extended to include the Western Hill.
Warren's Shaft was built according to the usual formula for underground water systems at royal centers in the tenth - ninth centuries B.C. It connected the northern part of the City of David (and perhaps even its citadel) with the water source. In the late eighth - sixth centuries B.C., the three systems could have functioned simultaneously, all fed from the single source, and the flow of water through them could have been controlled. Hezekiah's Tunnel has continuously conveyed water to the Siloam Pool ever since. Water could also reach the base of Warren's Shaft, from whence it could be drawn for use in the city directly above." (Yigal Shiloh, ARCHAEOLOGY AND BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION, 1982, Underground water systems in Eretz-Israel in the Iron Age, p. 220).
"The Siloam channel was the initial means of conveying the waters of the Gihon to reservoirs to the south; at the same time, it also enabled utilization of the waters for irrigation in the Kedron Valley. The major disadvantage of this early system was that , as noted, all its components - spring, channel, and pool - were situated outside the walls of the city. Hezekiah's Tunnel provided a sophisticated remedy: not only was the entire conduit concealed beneath the rock surface but also the area of the reservoirs was not brought into the fortified area of the city, the walls having been extended to include the Western Hill.
Warren's Shaft was built according to the usual formula for underground water systems at royal centers in the tenth - ninth centuries B.C. It connected the northern part of the City of David (and perhaps even its citadel) with the water source. In the late eighth - sixth centuries B.C., the three systems could have functioned simultaneously, all fed from the single source, and the flow of water through them could have been controlled. Hezekiah's Tunnel has continuously conveyed water to the Siloam Pool ever since. Water could also reach the base of Warren's Shaft, from whence it could be drawn for use in the city directly above." (Yigal Shiloh, ARCHAEOLOGY AND BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION, 1982, Underground water systems in Eretz-Israel in the Iron Age, p. 220).
Fullers in the Bible
Isaiah 7:3 - Then said the Lord unto Isaiah, "Go forth now to meet Ahaz, thou, and Shearjashub thy son, at the end of the conduit of the upper pool in the highway of the fuller's field". The "conduit" mentioned here must refer to the northern end of the Siloam Channel as Hezekiah had not yet become king and had yet to construct his tunnel. According to Strong's concordance, highway (#4546) can be translated as "terrace" (notice Isaiah 49:11, where the word highways is contrasted with mountains). Also, according to Strong's concordance, Fullers' (#3526) is translated, "to trample; hence to wash (prop. by stamping with the feet) and Field (#7704) to spread out; a field (as flat)".
Isaiah 36:2, 3 - And the king of Assyria sent Rabshakeh from Lachish to Jerusalem unto king Hezekiah with a great army. And he stood by the conduit of the upper pool in the highway of the fuller's field. Then came forth unto him Eliakim, Hilkiah's son, which was over the house, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah, Asaph's son, the recorder. These verses refer to the exact same spot as Isaiah 7:3 but Hezekiah was now king.
According to the IAA, "Loom weights and a beaten chalk floor were covered with a thick layer of small stone chips that derived from the quarrying of a hard bedrock layer, when the Warren's Shaft system was made deeper. The loomweights indicated that at the end of Iron Age II the place ceased to be used as a public underground water system and was taken over by private individuals, who were engaged in weaving."
II Kings 18:17, 18 - And the king of Assyria sent Tartan and Rabsaris and Rabshakeh from Lachish to king Hezekiah with a great host against Jerusalem. And they went up and came to Jerusalem. And when they were come up, they came and stood by the conduit of the upper pool, which is in the highway of the fuller's field. And when they had called to the king, there came out to them Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, which was over the household, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah the son of Asaph the recorder. When Rabshakeh called to king Hezekiah, Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, which was head over the household, came out to them. Isaiah 18:18 helps us to understand that Rabshakeh was very near the palace when he called to the king. The previous verse tells us where they were when they called to the king: "...by the conduit of the upper pool, which is in the highway of the fuller's field". The Hebrew word for field is sadeh and, according to Strong's Concordance, means to spread out: a field (as flat).
The palace has been shown to have existed on top of the ridge and the upper pool, with its associated conduit, is located at the bottom of the ridge. The area in between, just outside the mid-slope wall, was utilized by the fullers.
Isaiah 36:2, 3 - And the king of Assyria sent Rabshakeh from Lachish to Jerusalem unto king Hezekiah with a great army. And he stood by the conduit of the upper pool in the highway of the fuller's field. Then came forth unto him Eliakim, Hilkiah's son, which was over the house, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah, Asaph's son, the recorder. These verses refer to the exact same spot as Isaiah 7:3 but Hezekiah was now king.
According to the IAA, "Loom weights and a beaten chalk floor were covered with a thick layer of small stone chips that derived from the quarrying of a hard bedrock layer, when the Warren's Shaft system was made deeper. The loomweights indicated that at the end of Iron Age II the place ceased to be used as a public underground water system and was taken over by private individuals, who were engaged in weaving."
II Kings 18:17, 18 - And the king of Assyria sent Tartan and Rabsaris and Rabshakeh from Lachish to king Hezekiah with a great host against Jerusalem. And they went up and came to Jerusalem. And when they were come up, they came and stood by the conduit of the upper pool, which is in the highway of the fuller's field. And when they had called to the king, there came out to them Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, which was over the household, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah the son of Asaph the recorder. When Rabshakeh called to king Hezekiah, Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, which was head over the household, came out to them. Isaiah 18:18 helps us to understand that Rabshakeh was very near the palace when he called to the king. The previous verse tells us where they were when they called to the king: "...by the conduit of the upper pool, which is in the highway of the fuller's field". The Hebrew word for field is sadeh and, according to Strong's Concordance, means to spread out: a field (as flat).
The palace has been shown to have existed on top of the ridge and the upper pool, with its associated conduit, is located at the bottom of the ridge. The area in between, just outside the mid-slope wall, was utilized by the fullers.
16. Qumran (1970-71). Fr. Roland de Vaux demonstrating how clothing was laundered at Qumran, where items were washed and patted dry on flat stone, as it was done in rural France during his childhood. He is kneeling in Locus 52. (Identifier: Davies_Slide_16; © Philip R. Davies estate, re-use permitted with citation: ‘From the collection of Professor Philip Davies, Emeritus Professor at the University of Sheffield’)
The following article shows an area used by the fullers (II Kings 18:17). Also, the area above the Gihon Spring, with the mysterious Vs in the otherwise smooth surface of the limestone floor, was used by the fullers.
THE TIMES OF ISRAEL
"Researchers baffled by unique, mysterious Jerusalem structure from First Temple era Channels unearthed in City of David site, last in use around 9th century BCE, likely formed part of city’s economy due to location near temple and palace."
By MICHAEL HOROVITZ 30 August 2023
"Researchers baffled by unique, mysterious Jerusalem structure from First Temple era Channels unearthed in City of David site, last in use around 9th century BCE, likely formed part of city’s economy due to location near temple and palace."
By MICHAEL HOROVITZ 30 August 2023
"Archaeologists recently unearthed two unique structures used for an unclear purpose during the First Temple period 2,800 years ago in Jerusalem’s Old City, the Israel Antiquities Authority said Wednesday.
The installations, dating to around the 9th century BCE and found at the City of David archaeological site, were likely an important part of the economy, due to their proximity to the royal palace and temple, the IAA stated.
Researchers have struggled to pinpoint their precise use since no site of its kind has ever been found in Israel.“The excavators found the first installation at the northeastern end of the Givati Parking Lot excavation, which includes a series of at least nine channels that were smoothed. On top of the rock cliff that encloses the installation to the south can be found seven drain pipes, which carried liquid from the top of the cliff, which served as an activity area, to the channel installation,” the IAA said in its description of the site.
The second site includes five channels that could carry liquids, according to the statement.
Dr. Yiftah Shalev, a senior researcher at the IAA, said efforts to identify the exact purpose of the site have been fruitless.
“We brought a number of experts to the site to see if there were any residues in the soil or rock that are not visible with the naked eye, and to help us understand what flowed or stood in the channels. We wanted to check whether there were any organic remains or traces of blood, so we even recruited the help of the police forensic unit and its research colleagues around the world, but so far – to no avail,” she said.
Shalev added that a possible use of the site may have been to soak products, such as flax for the production of linen.
“Another possibility is that the channels held dates that were left out to be heated by the sun to produce silan (date honey), like similarly shaped installations discovered in distant places such as Oman, Bahrain, and Iran,” she said.
Prof. Yuval Gadot, of Tel Aviv University’s Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations department, said the site was in use up until the days of the eighth and ninth Judean kings Joash and Amaziah.
“This is an era when we know that Jerusalem covered an area that included
the City of David and the Temple Mount, which served as the heart of Jerusalem,” Gadot said. “The central location of the channels near the city’s most prominent areas indicates that the product made using them was connected to the economy of the temple or palace.”
“One should note that ritual activity includes bringing agricultural animal and plant produce to the Temple. Many times, temple visitors would bring back products that carried the sanctity of the place,” she explained.
IAA director Eli Escusido said findings from the First Temple period are rare due to “modern disturbances,” calling the installations “fascinating and stimulating the imagination.”
“From time to time we come across surprising, enigmatic finds that challenge us and spark research interest. With the help of collaboration with other institutions, we crack these mysteries and advance our knowledge of past societies. I congratulate all institutions for this successful collaboration,” he said.
The excavation was carried out by researchers from the IAA and Tel Aviv University, funded by the Elad Foundation.
The site will be open to the public next week as part of the 24th City of David Studies of Ancient Jerusalem event" (The Times of Israel).
According to II Kings 18:17-19, Rab-shakeh stood 'by the conduit of the upper pool, which is in the highway (viaduct, a staircase: terrace) of the fuller's field,' and 'called to the king.' Eliakim, which was over the household, Shebna, and Joah came out to them. This would indicate that this meeting was near the palace, and according to II Kings 18:26-28, there was a wall nearby with men sitting on it. We now have clear evidence of the presence of the fullers on both the western and eastern sides of the palace around the 9th century B.C.
"The installations, dating to around the 9th century BCE and found at the City of David archaeological site, were likely an important part of the economy, due to their proximity to the royal palace and temple."
"The installations, dating to around the 9th century BCE and found at the City of David archaeological site, were likely an important part of the economy, due to their proximity to the royal palace and temple."
The Israel Antiquities Authority holds a different view - publications.iaa.org.il/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1126&context=atiqot
